6- POSSESSIVE OF NOUNS



What does the possessive inflection or form mean?  

The possessive inflection is referred to as the genitive case, thus this is perhaps appropriate given that the  `s  inflection or a possessive form, while often expressing possession:

POSSESSION: John`s car.

Other meanings:

AGENCY/ SOURCE: Shakespeare`s/ his ideas/ sonnets

HUMAN RELATIONSHIP: 

a. kinship: Bob`s cousin.

b.professional: Joe`s teacher.

c. other social: Anne`s neighbor.

TRAITS ( PHYSICAL: OR OTHER ): Sue`s eyes/ her ego

REPRESENTATION: John`s portrait ( = a portrait of John) / his statue ( = a statue of him)

EVOLUTION: the project`s importance / its value

NAMED AFTER: St. Paul`s cathedral...

MEASUREMENT: an hour`s time

Obs.: 

 A posição do apóstrofo é frequentemente motivo de confusão na Língua Inglesa. Veja esses dois exemplos:

SINGULAR.....................................PLURAL

the boy´s school.........................................the boys´ school

a escola do menino....................a escola dos meninos

Porém quando o plural não termina em -s, o genitivo plural se forma com ´s, como no singular:

the men´s toilet...........................................the children´s room 


o banheiro dos homens................o quarto das crianças 

THE VERB GROUP

1- CONJUGATION


Verbs Tenses

Em Inglês, podemos distinguir três tipos de verbos: os verbos regulares, os irregulares e os auxiliares. Os verbos regulares formam a passado simples e o particípio passado acrescentando-se -(d, ou id) à sua forma básica infinitiva.

Auxiliaries verbs BE and DO: 

Um verbo auxiliar modifica o verbo principal da oração. Os auxiliares comuns são be, have, e do.

Modal Auxiliaries/ Modal Verbs

What are modal verbs?

Modal verbs belong to the larger category of a auxiliary verbs and it comes immediately before the main verb in affirmative and negative statements (e. g. can do; shouldn`t matter). In questions, modal verbs come before the subject. Example: May I go?

Modal verb may have several meanings or functions:

Os auxiliares modais são assim chamados porque substituem o modo subjuntivo em diversos casos e se referem à atitude de uma pessoa em relação aos fatos ou estados que reporta.

See the use of  Modal Verbs in the text bellow:

Verbs:

Study this example situation:

John is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep.  So: He is not driving a bus. ( He is asleep.), but He drives a bus. ( He is a bus driver. )

Drive (s) / work (s) / do (es), etc... is the present simple.

We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about now. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in genaral. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking:

Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
I usually go away at weekends. 
The earth goes round the sun.

Diferenças entre os verbos to do and to make e principais formas de uso:

Verb Forms:

 

Read and practice the dialog bellow:

Phrasal Verb

We often use verbs with the following words: IN, ON, UP, AWAY, ROUND, ABOUT, OVER, BY, OUT, OFF, DOWN, BACK, THROUGH, ALONG FORWARD. So you can say put out/ get on, take off, run away etc. These verbs are phrasal verbs.

We often use OUT/ OFF/ UP ETC. with verbs of movement. For example:

GET ON....................The bus was full. We couldn`t get on.
DRIVE OFF..............A woman got into the car and drove off.
COME BACK..........Sally is leaving tomorrow and coming back on Saturday.
TURN ROUND.......When I touched him on the shoulder, he turned round.

In Phrasal Verbs, the second word ( out/ off/ up, etc... ) gives a special meaning to the verb. Sometimes a Phrasal Verb is followed by a preposition.

 In other case, a Phrasal Verb has an object. Usually there are two possible positions for the object. So you can say:

I turned off the light. or I turned the light off.

                      object                            object

If the object is a pronoun like it, them, me, him, etc, only one position is possible:

I turned it off.

Em  Inglês temos alguns verbos como to say, to tell e to ask que são usados para fazer referência a fala de uma pessoa, porém tais verbos apresentam um específico contexto para diferentes ocasiões. Veja na tabela abaixo:

 

2- USES OF TENSES

3- ADVERBS

What an adverb is and what it does?

The word adverb ( ad-verb ) suggests the idea of adding to the meaning of a verb. This is whatmany adverbs do.They can tell us something about the action in a sentece by modifying a verb, i. e. by telling us how, when, where, etc. 

Adverbs can be single words (slowly) or phrases, like in the garden, and the term adverbial is often used to describe both types.

Expressions of time:

Adverbs are not always essential to the struture of a sentence, but they often affect the meaning. 

Attention:

Adverbs of manner:

Spelling and form of adverbs ending in - ly:

Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly to adjectives: mad/ madly, plain/ plainly, sudden/ suddenly. This applies to adjectives ending in -l so that the l is doubled: beautiful/ beautifully, musical/ musically.

Position of adverbs of place

Adverbs of place never go between subject and verb. When there is more than one kind of adverb in a sentece, the usual position of adverbs of place is after manner, but before time ( following a verb or verb + object ):

Em Inglês encontramos alguns advérbios com específicos usos que podem causar confusão. 

A questão é quando usa-los de acordo com o termo apropriado para cada ocasião. Esses advérbios são o just, already e yet. Usamos yet em orações interrogativas, e em final de sentenças: Have you finished it yet? Também após o superlativo ( Her best novel yet ); e antes de comparativo ( Yet again.).

 Já already é usado em orações afirmativas e interrogativas, e normalmente é usado depois dos verbos auxiliares ou modais e na frente dos demais verbos: Have you finished already? Outra característica é quando already indica surpresa com o fato de uma ação se haver realizado antes do esperado, pode ser usado no final da sentença.

SENTENCE TYPES

1- SIMPLE SENTENCES

 

 See the text below:

Apostrophes may be used in place of letters that are not pronunced, and these spellings are common in cartoon strips. It is called like " standard form of English. See some examples:

2- QUESTIONS

 

See the text below: 

WH-Questions beginning with question words like Who, What, When, Where, Why, How, How much, What color, etc.

Apply three transformations: verbs BE, CAN, WILL, WOULD, using DO/ DOES or DID

1- Substitute the appropriate question word:

They can swim on Tuesday.

They can swim WHEN?

She lives in Japan.

She lives WHERE?

2- Put the question word at the beginning of the sentence:

They can swim WHEN?

WHEN ( they can swin)?

She lives WHERE?

WHERE she lives?

3-Add the interrogative signal:

When they can swim?

When CAN THEY swim?

Where she lives?

Where DOES SHE LIVE?

See an example: 

Now read and practice this dialog below:

3- NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Negative sentences typically express a negative statement, which may have the force of a rejection.